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President of India (भारत के राष्ट्रपति)

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How President of India elected	Powers Of President of India
Salary of President of India	Appointment Powers
Impeachment of President of India	Some points about President of India

Some points about President of India

He/She is the Head of State of India .

He / She is the Commander-in-Chief of Indian Armed Forces .

He / She resides in an estate known as Rastrapati Bhawan ( राष्ट्रपति भवन ).

Current President is the 14 ^th President of India.

Sri Pranab Mukherjee is the 1^st Bengali to be elected as President.

Smt. Pratibha Patil is the 1^st Bengali to be elected as President.

The President of India is elected indirectly by an electoral college consisting of the Parliament of India (both houses).

Rajendra Prasad is the (1^st) First President of India
He is the first Inaugural holder of this position.

The president of India is addressing as The Honourable (within India and the Commonwealth of Nations), His Excellency (outside India), and Mr. President (informal).

How President of India elected

The President is elected by an electoral college consisting of elected members of both the Houses of Parliament i.e. Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha and State Legislatures.

The election is held by a single transferable vote system of proportional representation.

The voting is done by secret ballot.

The names of all the candidates are listed on the ballot paper and electors give them number preference. Every voter can be as much preferred on ballot paper as there are candidates. Thus the voter will place the figure "1" opposite the name of the candidate whom he selects for first preference.

A candidate must receive more than 50% of the total valid votes cast. It is known as Kota. The quota is determined by counting the total number of votes divided by the number of candidates to be elected.

In the first count, only first preference votes are counted. If any candidates reach the quota, he/she is declared elected.

If no candidate reaches the quota in the first round, then the votes of the second candidate with the least number of first preference votes are transferred to the other candidates. Thus, the candidate with the lowest votes is eliminated. If after the counting of votes, a candidate reaches the quota, he is declared elected as the President. This continues until one candidate gets a quota of votes.

Powers Of President of India

The president of India has the following powers.

Legislative Powers	Executive Powers
Judicial Powers	Appointment powers
Financial Powers	Diplomatic Powers
Military Powers	Pardoning Powers
Emergency Powers

Legislative Powers

He can dissolve the Lok Sabha

All bills passed by the Parliament can become law only after receiving the assent of the President as per Article 111

The President may promulgate an ordinance when the Parliament is not in session. The ordinance so issued has the effect of a law.

Such ordinance should be laid before both Houses of Parliament when they reassemble. If no action is taken, it automatically lapses six weeks after the commencement of the next session of Parliament.

The President has the power to dissolve the Lok Sabha even before the expiry of its term on the recommendation of the Prime Minister.

The President can call a joint sitting of the two Houses of Parliament in case of a disagreement between Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha on a non-money bill.

Executive Powers

All the functions are performed by the President on the advice of the Prime Minister.

All laws enacted by the Union Parliament are enforced by him/her.

The President can declare war and make peace.

All laws enacted by the Union Parliament are enforced by him/her.

Judicial Powers

The primary duty of the president is to preserve, protect and defend the constitution and the law of India per Article 60.

The president appoints the Chief Justice of India and other judges on the advice of the chief justice.

The Indian government's chief legal adviser, Attorney General of India, is appointed by the president of India under Article 76(1) and holds office during the pleasure of the president.

Appointment Powers
The president appoint the following persons –

Prime Minister

Governor of States

Chief Justice and other Judges of High Court and Supreme Court

Chief Minister of National Capital Territory of Delhi (Article 239 AA 5)

Attorney General

Comptroller and Auditor General

Chief Election Commissioner and other Commissioners

Chairman and other member of UPSC

Vice- Chancellor of the Central University and academic staff of the Central University through his nominec

Ambassadors and High Commissioners to other Countries (only through the list of names given by the Prime Minister)

Officers of the All India Services (IAS, IPS and IFoS), and other Central Civil Services in Group 'A'.

Financial Powers

A money bill can be introduced in Parliament only with the recommendation of President.

The president lays the Annual Financial statement i.e. the Union Budget, before the Parliament.

The president can take advances out of the Contingency Fund of India (Article 267) to meet the unforeseen expenses. (Rs.50 to 500 Crore increases in 2005)

The president constitute a Finance Commission after every five years to recommend the distribution of the taxes between the center and the states.

Diplomatic Powers

All the treaties and agreement are negotiated and concluded on behalf of the President.

He is the representative of India in international forums and affairs.

Military Powers

The president of India can declare war or peace on the advice of Union Council of Ministers headed by Prime Minister.

He is the commander of defence forces of India. He appoints Chief of the Army, Chief of the Navy and Chief of the Air Force.

Pardoning Powers
As mention in Article 72 of Indian Constitution, the President is empowered with the powers to grant pardons in the following situations -

Punishment is for an offence against Union Law.

Punishment by a Military Court.

Sentence of death.

The decisions involving Pardoning and other right by the President of are Independent of the opinions of the Prime Minister or Lok Sabha Majority.

In most cases, However the president exercises his executive powers on the advice of the Prime Minister and the Cabinet.

Emergency Powers
The President of India deals with (3) three types of emergencies –
1. ARTICLE 352 ( Proclamation of Emergency )

It is declared during aggression or armed rebellion.

During this Emergency
1. Fundamental rights of citizens can be suspended. 2. Six freedoms under Right to freedom are automatically suspended. 3. Right to life and Personal Liberty cannot be suspended.

(Article 21)

National Emergency only ben Proclaimed twice till date.

When this emergency applied?

1 ^st - 1962 – 1968 -> Sino-Indian-war-> Dr. Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan (President)

2^nd - 1975-1977 -> Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed (president) with Indra Gandhi

1971 -> (Indo-pakwar)

2. ARTICLE 356 (Provisions in case of failure of constitutional machinery in States)

State Emergency.

It must be approved by Parliament with 2 months.
It can be imposed from six month to maximum 3 years.
If the emergency need to be extended for more 3 year, this can be achieved by a constitutional amendment as it has happened in Punjab and Jammu & Kashmir.
In the case of the Proclamation issued under clause (1) on the 11th day of May, 1987 with respect to the State of Punjab the reference in the first provision to this clause to "three years" shall be construed as a reference to Five years.

During the emergency all the work of executive and Governor of the state in the name of the President.
If the state failed to run constitutionally i.e. constitutional machinery has failed.
If the state is not working according to the direction of Union Government issued per the provision of the Constitution.

3. Article 360 (Provisions as to financial emergency)

If the President is satisfied that a situation has arisen whereby the financial stability or credit of India or of any part of the territory thereof is threatened, he/she may by a Proclamation make a declaration to that effect.

During the period any such Proclamation as is mentioned in clause (1) is in operation, the executive authority of the Union shall extend to the giving of directions to any State to observe such canons of financial propriety as may be specified in the directions, and to the giving of such other directions as the President may deem necessary and adequate for the purpose.

Veto Powers

When a Bill is introduced in Parliament, Parliament can pass the Bill and before the Bill becomes an Act, it has to be presented to the Indian President for his approval. It is up to the President of India to reject the bill, return the bill or withdraw his consent to the bill. The President's choice on the Bill is called his veto power. The veto power of the President of India is guided by Article 111 of the Indian Constitution.

Other Details

Minimum age required is ≥35
must be a member of Lok Sabha
The salary of President of India is about ₹500,000 (as on today)

Office of the President falls vacant if –

On the expiry of his/her term.
By reason of death
By reason of registration
Removal by Supreme Court
Removal by Impeachment (A resolution to impeach the President can be moved in either House of Parliament by at least one-fourth of the total number of members of the House and such resolution must be passed by a majority of not less than two-thirds of the total membership